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adventive species
Adventive species is a term relating to species that have arrived in a new locality. They may have had help from humans as introduced species or they may not. The term is now used by some writers in a more restricted sense than its initial usage.
The earliest and most widespread concept among biologists is: An adventive species is one that has arrived in a specific geographic area from a different region (without further caveats). This is the forerunner of the term 'non-indigenous species' although it lacks the frequently invoked basis of the word 'introduced', which means different things to different writers.〔Morse A.P. 1916. A New England orthopteran adventive. ''Psyche'' 23: 178-179. http://psyche.entclub.org/pdf/23/23-178.pdf〕〔Townes H.K. 1947. A ''Eumenes'' wasp and six adventive Ichneumonidae new to Hawaii (Hymenoptera). ''Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society'' 13: 105-105 http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/16163/PHES13_105-106.pdf?sequence=1〕〔Pemberton C.E. 1964. Highlights in the history of entomology in Hawaii 1778-1963. ''Pacific Insects'' 6: 689-729 http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pi/pdf/6(4)-689.pdf〕〔Frank J.H., McCoy E.D. 1995. Introduction to insect behavioral ecology: The good, the bad, and the beautiful: Non-indigenous species in Florida. Invasive adventive insects and other organisms in Florida. ''Florida Entomologist'' 78: 1-15 http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/view/74655/72313〕 In this sense, cattle egret (''Bubulcus ibis'') which arrived in North America by natural range expansion, black rat (''Rattus rattus''), which is believed to have arrived as a hitchhiker aboard ships, and kudzu vine (''Pueraria lobata''), which was introduced deliberately by humans, are all adventive species and have established populations. Common adventive species include herbivorous insects.〔Martin N.A., Paynter Q. 2013. Predicting risk from adventive herbivores to New Zealand indigenous plants. ''New Zealand Entomologist'': 1-8. DOI:10.1080/00779962.2012.759308〕
The later and more limited concept is that: An adventive species is one that has arrived in a specific geographic area from a different region; however, its population is not self-sustaining. Population numbers are only increased through re-introduction. After some time, an adventive species may become naturalized OR some populations do not sustain themselves reproductively, but exist because of continued influx from elsewhere. Such a non-sustaining population, or the individuals within it, are said to be adventive.〔Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, and Sy H. Sohmer. ''Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii'', Revised Edition, 1999. Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu〕 Cultivated plants are a major source of adventive populations. It is estimated that 10-20% of adventive species used in biological control programs eventually become naturalized.〔Stiling, P. 1993. Why do natural enemies fail in classical Biological Control Programs? ''American Entomologist''. 39:31-39.〕
We can readily see how this second (later) concept applies to cultivated plants. Those that grow within the confines of culture are ‘adventive’; those that grow outside those confines are ‘naturalized’. But the concept falls apart when applied to the far more numerous species of invertebrate animals and microorganisms: extremely few of these are cultured, and by the time they are detected in nature they tend to be established (‘naturalized’).
==References==
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